The study of the conditions of pre-illness and early stages of the disease, as well as their mechanisms, are of particular relevance for modern preventive medicine.

It is known that dysregulation is the basis of many pathological processes, the leading link in the pathogenesis of which is endotoxinemia, the severity of which is largely determined by the state of detoxification liver function.

The aim of the study was to elucidate the significance of the liver detoxification function and endotoxinemia in the occurrence of dysregulation and the pre-illness formation.

In experiments on rats and rabbits it was is established that the direction and nature of changes in the processes of heat exchange, energy and plastic supply of the organism, their hormonal and humoral regulation under the action of E. сoli endotoxin (LPS) depend on the severity of endotoxinemia, the state of detoxification liver function. It is shown that in conditions of functional liver failure, the action of LPS in the body in trace concentrations is accompanied by an increase, and with severe endotoxinemia, a decrease in the activity of the processes of energy and plastic supply of the organism, detoxification. It was found that the ambiguous direction and nature of the changes in the processes of heat exchange, energy and plastic supply of the organism, their neurotransmitter, hormonal and humoral regulation under conditions of endotoxinemia depend on its severity and are largely due to a decrease in the level of arginine in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid.

In experiments on rats it was revealed that the central action of 1-noradrenaline (10 μg) under the conditions of preliminary introduction of L-arginine hydrochloric acid (100 μg) into the brain ventricles (for 15 min) exerts a more pronounced and prolonged decrease in body temperature in comparison with control, while the duration and severity of the hypothermic effect from the introduction of acetylcholine into the brain ventricles at a dose of 2.5 μg with eserine (5 μg) decreased. It was found that in conditions of bacterial endotoxinemia, accompanied by an increase in body temperature and a decrease in the level of arginine in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in rabbits, intensive utilization of 14C-arginine hydrochloric acid from tissues of the hypothalamus takes place.

Endotoxinemia is a key link in the pathogenesis of disregulatory pathology and a universal factor in the development of such a condition as pre-illness. 

This article presents the results of long-term research on the basis of which unique technologies have been developed and implemented which one allowed to reduce the frequency of postoperative complications and to improve longterm results of treatment of patients with chronic liver diseases at the terminal stage, liver tumors, and fulminant hepatic failure. 

In a retrospective study, the results of treatment of 548 patients with endometrial cancer (EС) of intermediate risk of IBG1-2 stage for 2006–2010 were evaluated. The overall, cancer-specific and disease-free 5-year survival rate was 83.7 ± 1.6, 91.2 ± 1.2, 88.4 ± 1.4 %. The best treatment results were obtained during combined treatment with the use of simple hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and adjuvant extra-beam radiation therapy. Chemotherapy did not improve the treatment results. A joint application in the treatment regimen of pelvic lymphadenectomy and adjuvant extrabeam radiation therapy on the pelvic regimen is impractical, since it does not affect the survival rate. Differences in survival rates in the regions were established at the stage of IBG1-2. Despite the fact that the methods of treatment of this stage of EC are standardized, the differences obtained can be evidence of an insufficiently effective quality of treatment in a number of regions of the Republic. In regions with the lowest survival rates, attention should be paid to the technique of operations, how adequately the extrafascial hysterectomy is performed, the length of the resected vaginal cuff, the start time, the dose and duration of radiation therapy, the size of the irradiation fields and the volume of irradiated tissues, the equipment for radiation therapy and others. 

The detection of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis cases has become a major public health problem and an obstacle to effective global tuberculosis control.

We have set the task to improve the effectiveness of treatment of patients with multidrug-resistant and extensively drugresistant tuberculosis using new drugs and developed chemotherapy regimens, as well as cellular technologies as a method of additive therapy. Based on the cohort analysis, the effectiveness of treatment was assessed using new and re-profiled antituberculosis drugs, including Bedaquiline and Delamanid. A method of autologous transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells was developed, which was included into the complex therapy of patients. Preliminary results of the conducted studies testify to the high effectiveness of new antituberculosis treatment regimens. Autologous transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells against the background of individualized chemotherapy speeds up the conversion of sputum and ultimately significantly improves the final results of treatment of patient. Despite the fact that cellular technologies in the treatment of tuberculosis are not widely used at present, these methods aimed at eliminating the causative agent of tuberculosis and the regeneration of damaged lung tissue will be in great demand in the future, primarily because of the significant advantage compared with the use of antituberculosis drugs means – the absence of development of resistance of mycobacteria tuberculosis. 

The article presents a comparison analysis of clinical results of treatment of 67 patients who underwent triple pelvic osteotomy (81 cases) by A. M. Sokolovsky in the two groups. The control group consisted of 33 patients (40 operational interventions), who were operated according to the original technique of the author. The main group consisted of 34 patients who underwent 41 triple osteotomy of the pelvis using the modifications we proposed.

Clinical assessment of the condition of the affected joints was performed according to the system proposed by Tschauner. When assessing the long-term results with a median follow-up of 107.5 (40–171) months in the control group, we obtained excellent and good results in 47.5 % of the cases. In the main groupwith a median follow-up of 107 (42–168) months excellent and good results were 70.8  % of the cases. When performing the operation with the modified technology, we obtained a significantly reduced number of complications in the form of nonunion of the pelvic bones from 35.0 to 14.6 %.

Triple pelvic osteotomy according to A. M. Sokolovsky is a highly effective intervention capable of restoring normal or close to normal biomechanical conditions of dysplastic hip joint functioning in adults and should be considered as a surgery of choice. Use of the proposed variants of the osteotomy of the ischial bone and more rigid fixation of an acetabular fragment, replacement of defects in the sites of osteotomy after the reorientation of the acetabulum with bone grafts reduces the number of complications and improves the treatment results. 

The purpose of this study was to determine whether stearoylethanolamine (SEA), a signaling lipid substance with cannabimimetic effects, would be effective against pentylenetetrazole induced seizure. In the pentylenetetrazole (60 mg/kg) model of acute seizure, the effects of SEA in doses of 1 and 10 mg/kg were evaluated. The vehicle for SEA consisted of alcohol, tween 80 and saline (5:5:90, vol. % accordingly) and was proved to have no effect on the seizure onset and severity by itself. Severity of seizure was estimated by Racine’s scale. It was shown that preliminary i.p. injection of SEA in a dose of 1 mg/kg made no effect on the latency before first convulsion and overall seizures severity. Nonetheless, SEA in a dose of 10 mg/kg increased the latent period before the seizure onset by 58 % and decreased the seizure severity according to Racine’s scale by 27  %. Thus, SEA produces the antiepileptic effect, but does not completely suppress seizures. The mechanism of action of SEA remains to be defined. 

The aim of the work was to study the development of the metabolic syndrome signs of persons of reproductive age. 217 people aged 18–44 were examined, 156 women and 61 men. There were significant differences between subgroups of women and men: higher blood pressure, body mass index, triglycerides, AST, ALT and bilirubin in men than in women. In the general group of subjects with abdominal obesity there were 28.1 % (33.3 % among men and 26.1 % among women). Elevated blood pressure was noted in 20.7 % of individuals (38.3 % in men and 14.0 % in women). Metabolic syndrome was detected in 10.1 % of individuals (11.7 % in men and 9.6 % in women). In the group of people with abdominal obesity, high blood pressure was noted in 44.3 % of individuals (45.0 % in men and 43.9 % in women). Metabolic syndrome was registered in 36.1 % of individuals (35.0 % in men and 36.5 % in women). In the group of persons without abdominal obesity, only 11.5 % of the examined patients had an elevated blood pressure. The frequency of this sign significantly prevailed in men (35.0 %) compared with women (3.4 %). Thus, young slender men had an increased risk of developing hypertension compared with women of a similar constitution and age. 

The clinical cases of treatment of two patients in critical conditions by intravenous thiamine are described.

In the first clinical case, in addition to intensive therapy, the patient was administered 300 mg of thiamine by intravenous titration for 10 hours, followed by a daily titration of 100 mg of thiamine and the administration of a complex of fat-soluble vitamin “Vitalipid N.” The basis for the appointment of thiamine was an increase in the level of lactate (19.0 mmol/l), with clear consciousness, effective breathing, adequate oxygenation, stable hemodynamics. Intravenous use of thiamine led to the stabilization of the patient’s homeostasis, normalization of clinical and some laboratory indicators (2.0 mmol/l), reflecting the presence of thiamine deficiency.

In the second clinical case, there was a lack of evacuation of gastric contents into the intestine, an increase in the level of lactate (3.3 mmol/l) in the patient in the critical condition, in the postoperative period with clear consciousness, effective independent breathing, adequate oxygenation, stable hemodynamics, good peristalsis. After excluding the main possible causes of increased lactate levels (hypoxia, liver failure), the patient was prescribed 100 mg of thiamine intravenously by titration within an hour. The introduction of thiamine, the subsequent recovery of enteral nutrition led to the cessation of parenteral nutrition, rapid positive dynamics of the general condition, the normalization of the lactate level (0.9 mmol/l). 

The present article reviews national and foreign literature devoted to the assessment of the role of risk factors in the development of chronic non-infectious diseases and their contribution to the mortality of population. It is noted that up to 80 % of all deaths from circulatory system diseases occur in countries with a low to medium level of economic development. The proof of the urgent necessity of creating full-scale prevention programs and a monitoring system in the Republic of Belarus is presented here. The monitoring system is a necessary element that allows assessing the effectiveness of the prevention programs. 

Medulloblastoma refers to the group of malignant brain tumors of embryonic origin. It is the most common malignant primary tumor in children. Present-day technologies of medulloblastoma treatment include surgical methods combined with radio-, chemo- and adjuvant therapies allowed one to bring a vast improvement in results of tumor treatment. However, the survival rates are still far from ideal. Difficulties of treatment consist in tumor cell heterogeneity – various cells exhibit different properties and levels of sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Cell heterogeneity is an unsolved problem in oncology. Among the population of cancer cells is a small group of cancer stem cells, which is revealed to be the main element in initiation, maintenance and progression of a tumor growth. Cancer stem cell key properties are the unrestricted ability to self-renewal, migration within brain parenchyma, hypoxic type of metabolism and localization in the most hypoxic regions of tumor. We analyzed all literature data about medulloblastoma cancer stem cells in children, their main markers and properties, which allow them to express chemo- and radioresistance. 

Parkinson’s disease (BP) is one of the most common neurodegenerative pathologies. It is characterized by a selective death of DA neurons in the black substance of the midbrain, resulting from the formation of an excess of free radicals and the development of oxidative stress.

Attempts to use antioxidants as a means of pathogenetic therapy of BP have been unsuccessful. Modern concepts of the understanding of the role of oxidative stress in the development of Parkinson’s disease (PD), as well as other neurodegenerative diseases suggest that an important role in the mechanisms of metabolic changes leading to the death of nervous tissue is played not only by the enhancement of formation of free radical products but also by the weakening of antioxidant defense systems in brain tissue. The most important components of the thiol/disulphide buffer systems involved in maintaining the redox balance in the brain are pairs of oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSH/GSSG), as well as thiol/disulfide oxidoreductases. Controlling the intensity of formation of free radical products from cellular antioxidant redox enzymes, primarily glutathione and thioredoxin-dependent enzyme systems, is extremely important not only to prevent brain tissue damage due to oxidative stress, but also to maintain the redox balance. The review presents the data showing pronounced changes in the redox potential of the glutathione system, thiol-disulphide balance, S-glutathionylation of in brain tissue proteins in experimental PD models, and in postmortem brain tissue samples of patients with PD. The elucidation of the mechanisms of maintaining the redox balance in brain tissue under oxidative stress in PD can serve as a justification for a new direction in neuroprotection and a search for new agents for pathogenetic therapy of PD. 

The review summarizes the literature data on hippocampus morphofunctional disorders that which arise under the action of antenatal alcoholization. The hippocampus is located deep in the cerebral hemispheres, is part of the temporal lobe, belongs to the olfactory brain and consists of tightly packed cells in the ribbon structure that extend along the medial walls of the lower horns of the lateral ventricles of the brain in the anteroposterior direction. One of the classifications refers the hippocampus along with the olfactory cortex to the ancient cortex (archcortex), and the other – to the old (paleocortex). Prenatal alcoholization leads to the fact that a number of specific disorders develop in the fetus. They are integrated into the concept of the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) entering the “fetal alcohol spectrum disorders” (FASD). The hippocampus is one of the regions of the brain most vulnerable to the ethanol effects. The literature contains numerous data on various morphological disorders in the hippocampus of people and animals who have suffered from the antenatal alcoholization: from anatomical to subcellular and molecular. They can underlie brain abnormalities, neurological, behavioral and psychiatric disorders observed when the fetus is exposed to alcohol. 

In the memory of Academician Vladimir Sergeevich Ulashchyk.