It was found that proinflamatory markers (leukocytes, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin-6) increase for the first day of hospitalization in patients with acute calculous cholecystitis and significantly decrease in one month after cholecystectomy. It was established that the levels of atherothrombotic and endothelial dysfunction markers among the examined patients grow in one month after cholecystectomy. The index of myocardial stress (NTproBNP) did not change in the distant postoperative period. For the first day of hospitalization, the disturbances in the rheological indices of blood in patients with acute calculous cholecystitis were observed, but after cholecystectomy, some rheological indices became worse. Conservative management of patients with acute calculous cholecystitis was accompanied by increasing inflammation biomarkers and atherothrombotic markers concentrations in comparison to patients who underwent urgent cholecystectomy.

Abstract. Alcohol pathology is one of the most important problems of modern medicine. It is known that a high rate of morbidity and mortality caused by a regular use of alcoholic beverages is associated with toxic effects of ethanol on the most important human organs, primarily liver. To date, a sufficient number of facts have been accumulated, indicating the significance of Kupffer’s cells and liver arginase in the processes of life in normal and pathological conditions.The aim of the present investigation was to determine the liver arginase activity and the significance of Kupffer’s cells in the processes of detoxication and development of the oxydative stress in rats with chronic ethanol intoxication.1 In experiments on rats it was established that chronic ethanol intoxication is accompanied by a decrease in body temperature, liver arginase activity and by an increase in the level of «middle molecules», NO⁻₃ / NO⁻₂, lipide peroxidation products in plasma, the extent of blood toxicity, the activity of plasma alanineaminotransferase and aspartateaminotransferase, as well as in the duration of narcotic sleep. In the conditions of liver arginase depression by N^ω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine, chronic alcoholization is accompanied by a more significant inhibition of the liver detoxication function, an increase in the content of NO⁻₃ / NO⁻₂ in plasma, lipid peroxidation products in the blood and liver and by a decrease in body temperature. Inhibition of the activity of Kupffer’s cells by gadolinium chloride reduces the toxic effect of ethanol on the liver, as well as on typical changes in the liver arginase activity, detoxification processes, and body temperature in rats with chronic ethanol intoxication.

 

The efficiency of amino acid compositions during the correction of the disorders due to intermittent alcohol intoxication in liver, heart and blood of experimental animals is researched. Intermittent alcohol intoxication is followed by the activation of POL processes in blood and liver and by the depletion of the antioxidant system capacity. Changes in the free amino acid pool at alcohol intoxication are expressed in a reduction of the levels of 9 amino acids and ethanolamine in the liver, and also 5 amino acids and ethanolamine in the myocardium. The amino acid composition Tritarg, in comparison with Tavamin and Neyramin has a more expressed correction effect on the POL activation in the blood and the liver. Administration of Tritarg, unlike Tavamin and Neyramin, leads to an increase in the blood plasma of the level of 10 amino acids, ethanolamine and glutathione. Тritarg in comparison with Tavamin and Neyramin shows the well expressed hepatotrophic effect, normalizing the levels of 9 amino acids and glutathione, and has a more expressed positive influence on metabolic deviations at intermittent alcohol intoxication.

The study analyzes the molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses that caused severe neurologic forms of infection in Belarus in 2016. The obtained results showed the predominating role of Echovirus 9 among the etiologic agents of enteroviral meningitis in 2016. The identified isolates of ECHO 9 revealed significant genetic heterogeneity: they belonged to 3 different genogroups and 4 genovariants. Two of the three genogroups of Echovirus 9 (L and K) were not previously described, and the circulation of the genogroup ω in Eurasia was not previously registered. The results testify to the important role of molecular epidemiology in the surveillance system of non-polio enteroviruses.

The article presents the X-ray expert criteria of degenerative-dystrophic changes in spinal-motor segments in 500 patients with cervical osteochondrosis between the ages of 20 and 78. The conducted spine X-ray analysis has revealed special features of X-ray presentations of anterior and posterior bearing complexes of the spine in cervical osteohondrosis. Special difficulties occur in establishing its cartilaginous stage (chondrosis or discosis). Such high-tech methods as CT and MRI are ineffective. Only functional spondiography is able to early detect stage I in osteochondrosis. Moreover, the images should be done in the lateral projection with the vertical orientation of a patient in the fluoroscopy mode during the unbending and bending of an examined part at all movement stages when fixing «stop-frames» to analyze the positions of vertebral bodies. During the period of osteochondrosis, morphological changes are taking place which are well visualized by CT and MRI.

The morphometric analysis of elastic membranes of the human abdominal aorta was made; such parameters as average values of the number of membranes, the thickness and width of intervals between the adjacent membranes in differentage groups of males and females were studied. The histograms of the distribution of the thickness of the elastic membranes and the width of intervals between the adjacent membranes in different-age groups of males and females were analyzed. The main regularities and the nature of changes in the indicators of the number, the thickness of membranes and the width of intervals between the adjacent membranes in norm in patients at the age from 1 to 70 years were studied. The main stages of change in the structural characteristics of the elastic membranes were established. The time of completion of the processes of formation and growth of elastic membranes, the period of stabilization, and the period of aging of the elastic components of a vessel wall were determined. Differences in the duration of these periods for males and females were revealed. The morphometric methods allow one to establish structural changes in the elastic membranes of the human abdominal aorta with a higher accuracy, to reveal the time of appearance of these changes, to determine differences in the time of these periods for males and females.

A link between the coronary calcium and coronary stenosis revealed by multispiral computer tomography in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was studied. Coronary artery calcium indicates the prevalence and severity of coronary atherosclerotic lesions. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and systemic inflammatory activity should be considered in cardiovascular risk stratification in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

The study was aimed at learning the left ventricle remodeling in patients after aortic allograft implantation during the long-term follow-up. From February 2009 to July 2016 the aortic valve replacement with allografts was performed in 102 patients. Hemodynamic parameters of implanted allografts and left ventricle function were assessed for 7–10 days postoperatively and at long-term follow-up visits: in 3 and 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years. Implanted aortic allografts are characterized by satisfactory hemodynamic parameters in early and late postoperative periods. The effective orifice area of implanted valves did not change in any of the implanted allografts during the period under study. At the same time, there was a significant reduction in the maximum speed across the aortic valve, resulting in suboptimal systolic and mean gradients in the early postoperative period, which declined to normal values from 3 months to 2 years postoperatively. 3 During the first 3 months after the aortic allograft implantation there was a statistically significant left ventricle remodeling, which led to a decrease in end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricle sizes and volumes, as well as to the restoration of the left ventricle ejection fraction. During the same period there was a reduction in the left ventricle myocardium thickness both during systole and diastole. At the same time, there was a significant reduction in the thickness of the interventricular septum myocardium during diastole. The changes described were statistically significant during the following periods: from 6 months to 1 year and from 2 to 3 years postoperatively. Left ventricle remodeling resulted in a significant improvement in the patients’ quality of life up to 3 months postoperatively, assessed using a MLHFQ questionnaire. During the first 3 months after aortic allograft implantation, the left ventricle was remodeled, which resulted in a decrease in end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricle sizes, as well as in an increase in the left ventricle contractility. The life quality of patients after allograft implantation significantly improves during the first 3 months. Aortic allografts in the aortic position generally resemble the functioning of the native aortic valve during early and long-term (3-years) follow-up. During first three months after aortic allograft implantation we observed the left ventricle remodeling, which led to a decrease in the left ventricle end-diastolic and end-systolic sizes, as well as to a decrease in the end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricle volume, and to an increase in the left ventricle contractility. The quality of life in patients after aortic allograft implantation significantly improved during first three months postoperatively.

Temporary trends of success rate and cardiac complication risk in chronic total occlusion (CTO) recanalization by the antegrade approach are studied. From 2009 to 2013, the attempt of coronary artery CTO recanalization by the antegrade approach was undertaken for 217 patients. Depending on the success of CTO recanalization, patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n = 158) – successful procedure, group 2 (n = 59) – unsuccessful attempt of CTO recanalization. By the end of the observation period, the number of patients with more difficult clinical profile and a complex CTO morphology increased, but the CTO recanalization success rate frequency also had a positive tendency. Observed tendencies to increase a general success recanalization rate and the success of CTO recanalization by coronary wire were caused by changes in the recanalization strategy which occurred during the time from 2009 to 2013, including the change of the coronary wire principle of choice, character and sequence of its use. 5 The frequency of a cardiac complication rate remained stable throughout the entire period of observation and varied from 11.3 % in 2012 to 36.6 % in 2011. «Major complications» (death, acute myocardial infarction, emergency coronary artery bypass grafting), the development of cardiac tamponade and pericardium drainage cases were not seen in the current study. In the process of operators experience accumulation, an attempt of CTO recanalization was made in more difficult patients; at the same time, the positive tendency to recanalization success was observed, without any noticeable changes in risk of cardiac complications.

The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was the most huge radiation and ecological catastrophe. About 100,000 Belarusian citizens took part in the liquidation of the Chernobyl accident. During the first years after the accident, the growth of incidence of malignant neoplasms of blood of the affected population was predicted. But till now, there is no clear conclusion about the contribution of the radiation factor to the incidence of leucosis and lymphomas. The purpose of the study was to analyze the features of forming the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the blood and lymphatic system of the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident in the Republic of Belarus. The data of the State Register of persons exposed to radiation following the Chernobyl catastrophe for the period from 1987 to 2015 were used. The epidemiological analysis of the incidence of leukemias, lymphomas and multiple myeloma was made using the standardized incidence ratio (SIR). The excess of incidence of leukemias in the cohort of liquidators of the Chernobyl accident was noted. The excess fraction of leukemias was about 20–40 % (SIR = 1.3 (1.2–1.46)). It was shown that the high risk of leukemia was formed due to chronic lymphocytic (SIR = 1.3 (1.14–1.53)) and myelocytic (SIR = 1.7 (1.35–2.03)) leukemias regardless of the status of a liquidator. There was also no clear dependence between the risk of hemoblastosis and the density of contamination, as well as the individualized absorbed dose on the blood marrow. However, it can be stated that a large proportion of cases of myeloma (32 %) was found in the liquidators who performed their work in the territory with the Cs137 pollution density of more than 40 Ku/km2 (SIR = 1.8 (1.16–2.8)). Thus, the conducted research allowed one to characterize the risks of development of various forms of hemoblastosis in liquidators and to show trends in the distribution of incidence of certain their forms.

The article analyzes the current state of human non-polio enteroviral infections in Belarus. The analysis includes clinical and epidemiologic features of the epidemic process, the dynamics of incidence over the past decade, the structure of clinical forms in various regions of the country, age groups, as well as an influence of seasonal factors on the enteroviral morbidity. The article contains the results of laboratory control of enterovirus circulation in the Republic of Belarus in 2016. The intensity of non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) circulation and the levels of environmental contamination were identified. The study describes the range and typical structure of NPEV circulating in the country in the period under review. The article contains the data of the phylogenetic analysis of new serotypes and genovariants.

A comparative analysis of the chemotherapy drug effects on the enzymatic activity of breast cancer (BC) cells in a tumor primary culture of BC patients and a clinical response of a cancer tumor to neoadjuvant polychemotherapy (NPHT) with the use of the same drugs were performed. We used our developed test to assess the sensitivity of BC cells to chemotherapy drugs by determining the cell activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The effect of chemotherapeutic drugs in culture and the clinical examination of BC patients of various molecular-genetic subtypes (Luminal A, Luminal B, Her2-positiv and Tripl-negativ or Basal-like) were compared. It is found that the coincidence of the results on the sensitivity of tumor cells in vitro and the degree of the patient’s tumor regression after NPHT averaged for X-ray examination is 69 %, manual – 77 % and US – 62 %. The biggest coincidence of the studied parameters was obtained for the most aggressive molecular-genetic subtypes of BC. Our developed test of assessment of the molecular chemotherapy effect on cells in vitro is the prognostic factor inexpensive and affordable for use in clinical laboratories when optimizing the patient treatment strategy.

Superficial parotidectomy and surgical removal are the most common methods of treatment of adenolymphoma (Warthin’s tumor). The best surgical technique and the extent of surgery remain controversial. This study attempts to establish a correlation of the ultrasound and histopathology data of the removed adenolymphoma of the parotid gland and intraparotid lymph nodes.5 The study used the data of pre-and postoperative assessment of patients with adenolymphoma of the salivary gland (n = 45) with the implication of radiological and morphological methods of diagnosis. Surgical removal of morphologically verified adenolymphoma is considered to be optimal due to the fact that the tumor is removed from a healthy tissue by a distinct sheath. Lymph nodes located in the operation field should be removed simultaneously. Dynamic control over the intraorganic lymph nodes located far from the operation field should be done in the long-term postoperative period.

The methods of functional magnetic resonance imaging have been used to study the brain water exchange in tumors of different-degree malignancy. The studies were performed in the phase-contrast T₂ -weighted mode and the diffusionweighted mode. Data were obtained on the distribution of peritumoral edema, water mobility in the edema and parenchyma of the brain, the movement of cerebrospinal fluid in the Sylvian aqueduct. A positive correlation (R = 96 %) was found between the amount of peritumoral edema and the asymmetry coefficient value. The obtained data of water metabolism of the brain are difficult to explain from the classical point of view. A new approach based on the participation of the brain parenchyma capillaries provides better opportunities for interpreting the obtained results.

 

During a short time, the CRISPR/Cas system has gained popularity among scientists in various fields of medicine, biology, and chemistry. Prokaryotes use the CRISPR/Cas system to protect their own genome from foreign genetic material, the cassette of which consists of Cas-protein coding genes, leader sequence, speisers and palindromes. Cas-proteins are the main thing without which the CRISPR/Cas system cannot work. While interacting with foreign DNA, the CRISPR/Cas system passes 3 stages: immunization, expression, and interference. Immunization takes place during the first bacterial contact with foreign DNA collecting information about an invasive agent. The next meeting reveals the protein complex creation and the foreign DNA destruction. The differences in the mechanisms of action depend on the system class and type. There are 2 classes of the CRISPR/Cas system separating into 5 types and 16 subtypes. Bioinformation methods are used to find the CRISPR/Cas system in a bacterial cell. Due to the high efficiency and the easy individual component assembly, scientists quickly learned how to benefit from the CRISPR/Cas system, applying it for a wide range of tasks. The CRISPR/Cas system is used in microbiology, genetics, molecular epidemiology, gene engineering, applied medicine, and pharmacology for genome editing, gene expression control, pathological process treatment and modeling, microorganism typing, determination of phylogenetic relationships of microorganisms and so on. The CRISPR/Cas system of N. meningitidis can successfully edit eucariotic genome. But experiments with human genome are connected with biomedical ethics.