vestimИзвестия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия медицинских наукProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Medical series1814-60232524-2350The Republican Unitary Enterprise Publishing House "Belaruskaya Navuka"10.29235/1814-6023-2019-16-4-499-512vestim-647Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSРазвитие представлений о детском аутизме: патогенетические механизмы и маркерыDevelopment of the concepts of childhood autism: pathogenetic mechanisms and markersПолуляхО. Е.PoluliakhO. E.

Полулях Ольга Евгеньевна – научный сотрудник. 

ул. Академическая, 28, 220072, г. Минс

Olga E. Poluliakh – Researcher.

28, Akademicheskaya Str., 220072, Minsk

reanzy@yandex.ruМитюковаТ. А.MityukovaT. A.

Митюкова Татьяна Алексеевна – кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник. 

ул. Академическая, 28, 220072, г. Минс

Tatyana A. Mityukova – Ph. D. (Biol.), Leading researcher.

28, Akademicheskaya Str., 220072, Minsk

 

mityukovat@gmail.comМартыненкоА. И.MartynenkoA. I.

Мартыненко Александр Ильич – младший научный сотрудник. 

Долгиновский тракт, 152, 220053, г. Минск

Alexandr I. Martynenko – Junior researcher.

152, Dolginovski trakt, 220053, Minsk

m.a.y.alexandr@gmail.comЗахаревичО. Ю.ZakharevichO. V.

Захаревич Ольга Юрьевна – научный сотрудник.

Долгиновский тракт, 152, 220053, г. Минск

Olga Y. Zakharevich – Researcher. 

152, Dolginovski trakt, 220053, Minsk

oz1989@list.ruМарчукС. А.MarchukS. A.

Марчук Сергей Александрович – научный сотрудник.

Долгиновский тракт, 152, 220053, г. Минск

Sergej A. Marchuk – Researcher. 

152, Dolginovski trakt, 220053, Minsk

 

mar4ellini@ya.ruИнститут физиологии НАН БеларусиInstitute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of BelarusРеспубликанский научно-практический центр психического здоровьяRepublican Research and Practice Centre for Mental Health201905122019164499512Copyright © Полулях О.Е., Митюкова Т.А., Мартыненко А.И., Захаревич О.Ю., Марчук С.А., 20192019Полулях О.Е., Митюкова Т.А., Мартыненко А.И., Захаревич О.Ю., Марчук С.А.Poluliakh O.E., Mityukova T.A., Martynenko A.I., Zakharevich O.V., Marchuk S.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestimed.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/647

Актуальность изучения расстройств аутистического спектра обусловлена высокой распространенностью, ростом частоты встречаемости, а также отсутствием единой концепции их этиологии и патогенеза. В работе приведены краткие сведения по истории развития представлений о детском аутизме, включая вопросы патогенеза и поиска возможных маркеров данного заболевания, начиная с доканнеровского периода и до настоящего времени. Рассматриваются современные теории патогенеза, в частности вопросы наследственности, а также влияния неблагоприятных факторов среды (токсические влияния, воспалительные процессы и иммунные нарушения в организме матери), воздействующих на организм ребенка в период внутриутробного развития. Современные теории патогенеза рассматривают такие процессы как нарушение синаптической передачи, обмена нейротрансмиттеров и нейроспецифических белков, носительство антител к нейротрансмиттерам и нейроспецифическим белкам, митохондриальную дисфункцию, нарастание процессов перекисного окисления, связь с заболеваниями желудочно-кишечного тракта и измененной микрофлорой. Представленные данные свидетельствуют о том, что детский аутизм является полифакторным заболеванием, в связи с чем поиск маркеров должен охватывать широкий спектр параметров, включая генетические, иммунологические, биохимические и, возможно, микробиологические характеристики детского организма.

Today, the study of autism spectrum disorders is relevant due to a high prevalence, an increase in the frequency of occurrence, as well as due to a lack of the unified concept of their etiology and pathogenesis. The purpose of the work is to conduct a brief review of evolution of the childhood autism ideas, including the pathogenesis issues and a search for possible markers of this disease. A brief information on the historical development of the childhood autism ideas, from the pre-Kanner period until now is presented. The modern pathogenesis theories are considered, including heredity, as well as the impact of adverse environmental factors on the child’s body during prenatal development: toxic effects, inflammatory processes and immune disorders in the mother’s body. Modern pathogenesis theories consider such processes as the disruption of synaptic transmission, metabolic disorders of neurotransmitters and neurospecific proteins, the carriage of antibodies to neurotransmitters and neurospecific proteins, the mitochondrial dysfunction, the peroxidation increase, the connection with gastrointestinal tract diseases and altered microflora. The data presented suggest that childhood autism is a multifactorial disease, and a search for markers should then cover a wide range of parameters, including genetic, immunological, biochemical, and possibly microbiological characteristics of the child’s body.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.