vestimИзвестия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия медицинских наукProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Medical series1814-60232524-2350The Republican Unitary Enterprise Publishing House "Belaruskaya Navuka"vestim-393Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSИММУННАЯ СИСТЕМА ПРОКАРИОТ: МОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ, ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ В МИКРОБИОЛОГИИPROCARIOTIC IMMUNE SYSTEM: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS, APPLICATION IN MICROBIOLOGYХархальА. Н.KharkhalA. N.

мл. науч. сотрудник

Junior researcher

anna-madlen69@yandex.ruТитовЛ. П.TitovL. P.

член-корреспондент, иностранный член РАМН, д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий лабораторией

Corresponding Member, Foreign Member of the RAMS, D. Sc. (Med.), Head of the Laboratory

leonidtitov@tut.byРеспубликанский научно-практический центр эпидемиологии и микробиологииRepublican Research and Practical Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology20170810201703121128Copyright © Хархаль А.Н., Титов Л.П., 20172017Хархаль А.Н., Титов Л.П.Kharkhal A.N., Titov L.P.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vestimed.belnauka.by/jour/article/view/393

Система CRISPR/Cas за короткие сроки завоевала популярность среди ученых различных областей медицинских, биологических и химических наук. Данная система, кассета которой состоит из кодирующих Cas-белки генов лидерной последовательности, спейсеров и палиндромов, используется для защиты собственного генома от чужеродного генетического материала прокариоты. Сas-белки являются ключевым звеном, без которых эта система не способна выполнять свои функции. При взаимодействии с чужеродной ДНК система CRISPR/Cas проходит три этапа: иммунизацию, экспрессию и интерференцию. Иммунизация происходит при первичном контакте клетки с чужеродной ДНК с запоминанием информации об инвазивном агенте. При повторной встрече отмечается образование белкового комплекса и разрушение чужеродной ДНК. Различия в механизме процесса зависят от класса и типа системы CRISPR/Cas. Различают 2 класса системы CRISPR/Cas, которые разделены на 5 типов и 16 подтипов. Для поиска CRISPR у бактерий используются биоинформационные методы, разработаны специализированные программы. В связи с высокой эффективностью работы и простотой сборки отдельных компонентов в лабораторных условиях CRISPR/Cas стали применять для решения широкого круга задач в микробиологии, генетике, молекулярной эпидемиологии, генной инженерии, прикладной медицине и фармакологии для редактирования геномов, контроля экспрессии генов, лечения и моделирования патологических процессов, типирования микроорганизмов, определения филогенетических отношений между ними и др. Для редактирования генома эукариот хорошо зарекомендовала себя система CRISPR/Cas9 N. meningitidis. Однако эксперименты в области редактирования человеческого генома сопряжены с биоэтическими проблемами.

 

During a short time, the CRISPR/Cas system has gained popularity among scientists in various fields of medicine, biology, and chemistry. Prokaryotes use the CRISPR/Cas system to protect their own genome from foreign genetic material, the cassette of which consists of Cas-protein coding genes, leader sequence, speisers and palindromes. Cas-proteins are the main thing without which the CRISPR/Cas system cannot work. While interacting with foreign DNA, the CRISPR/Cas system passes 3 stages: immunization, expression, and interference. Immunization takes place during the first bacterial contact with foreign DNA collecting information about an invasive agent. The next meeting reveals the protein complex creation and the foreign DNA destruction. The differences in the mechanisms of action depend on the system class and type. There are 2 classes of the CRISPR/Cas system separating into 5 types and 16 subtypes. Bioinformation methods are used to find the CRISPR/Cas system in a bacterial cell. Due to the high efficiency and the easy individual component assembly, scientists quickly learned how to benefit from the CRISPR/Cas system, applying it for a wide range of tasks. The CRISPR/Cas system is used in microbiology, genetics, molecular epidemiology, gene engineering, applied medicine, and pharmacology for genome editing, gene expression control, pathological process treatment and modeling, microorganism typing, determination of phylogenetic relationships of microorganisms and so on. The CRISPR/Cas system of N. meningitidis can successfully edit eucariotic genome. But experiments with human genome are connected with biomedical ethics.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.